Evaluating toxicity of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)-active dsRNA to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larvae
Krishnan N, Hall MJ, Hellmich RL and others. PloS one, June 2021.
Read the paper Free to read · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251884
What this paper is about
A double-stranded RNA treatment was developed to kill varroa mites in honey bee colonies. It targets a 372-base-pair stretch of the mite's calmodulin gene, and 21 of those bases also match monarch calmodulin.
That raised the question of whether monarchs exposed in the field would be harmed. The authors fed it to monarch larvae for their entire development to find out.
Summarised here from the abstract below. Not the authors’ words.
Abstract
Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) are parasitic mites that, combined with other factors, are contributing to high levels of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. A Varroa-active dsRNA was recently developed to control Varroa mites within honey bee brood cells. This dsRNA has 372 base pairs that are homologous to a sequence region within the Varroa mite calmodulin gene (cam). The Varroa-active dsRNA also shares a 21-base pair match with monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) calmodulin mRNA, raising the possibility of non-target effects if there is environmental exposure. We chronically exposed the entire monarch larval stage to common (Asclepias syriaca) and tropical (Asclepias curassavica) milkweed leaves treated with concentrations of Varroa-active dsRNA that are one- and ten-fold higher than those used to treat honey bee hives. This corresponded to concentrations of 0.025-0.041 and 0.211-0.282 mg/g leaf, respectively. Potassium arsenate and a previously designed monarch-active dsRNA with a 100% base pair match to the monarch v-ATPase A mRNA (leaf concentration was 0.020-0.034 mg/g) were used as positive controls. The Varroa mite and monarch-active dsRNA's did not cause significant differences in larval mortality, larval or pupal development, pupal weights, or adult eclosion rates when compared to negative controls. Irrespective of control or dsRNA treatment, larvae that consumed approximately 7500 to 10,500-mg milkweed leaf within 10 to 12 days had the highest pupal weights. The lack of mortality and sublethal effects following dietary exposure to dsRNA with 21-base pair and 100% base pair match to mRNAs that correspond to regulatory genes suggest monarch mRNA may be refractory to silencing by dsRNA or monarch dsRNase may degrade dsRNA to a concentration that is insufficient to silence mRNA signaling.
Abstract reproduced from the published paper, which is licensed CC0. Copyright remains with the authors.
Milkweeds in this paper
- Common Milkweed Asclepias syriaca
- Tropical Milkweed Asclepias curassavica
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Milkweed USA. (2026). Evaluating toxicity of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)-active dsRNA to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larvae (listing). Retrieved DATE, from https://milkweedusa.com/research/evaluating-toxicity-of-varroa-mite-varroa-destructor-active-dsrna-2021/
"Evaluating toxicity of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)-active dsRNA to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larvae (listing)." Milkweed USA, 2026, https://milkweedusa.com/research/evaluating-toxicity-of-varroa-mite-varroa-destructor-active-dsrna-2021/. Accessed DATE.
Milkweed USA. "Evaluating toxicity of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)-active dsRNA to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larvae (listing)." Last modified 2026-08-01. Accessed DATE. https://milkweedusa.com/research/evaluating-toxicity-of-varroa-mite-varroa-destructor-active-dsrna-2021/.
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title = {Evaluating toxicity of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)-active dsRNA to monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) larvae (listing)},
author = {{Milkweed USA}},
year = {2026},
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